Downloads

血流感染病原体快速检测技术研究进展. (2026). 环球医学研究, 3(5), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.62836/medicine.v3i5.1446

血流感染病原体快速检测技术研究进展

谢春芳

襄阳市襄州区第二人民医院,湖北襄阳

摘要:血流感染(bloodstream infection,BSI)病情进展快,严重者可发展为脓毒症、感染性休克及多器官功能障碍。及时明确病原体并获得抗菌药物敏感性信息,是优化经验性治疗和尽早实施目标性抗感染治疗的重要依据。血培养目前仍是血流感染病原学诊断的基础,但受病原体载量、采血量、抗菌药物使用及微生物生长特性等因素影响,从标本采集到完成鉴定和药敏试验往往需要较长时间。近年来,基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱、多重PCR、快速表型药敏、T2磁共振、宏基因组高通量测序及纳米孔测序等技术逐渐用于血流感染诊断,可在不同环节缩短病原体鉴定或药敏结果的获得时间。不同技术在病原谱覆盖范围、耐药信息获取能力、检测成本及实验室条件要求等方面各有特点,现阶段仍难以完全替代血培养。本文对血流感染快速病原学诊断的主要技术、临床应用及局限进行综述,并讨论不同检测方法的适用场景及其与抗菌药物管理的衔接。

血流感染 血培养 快速诊断 MALDI-TOF MS 多重PCR 药敏试验 宏基因组测序

参考文献

[1] Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021 [J]. Critical care medicine, 2021, 49(11): e1063-e1143.
[2] Opota O, Croxatto A, Prod’hom G, et al. Blood culture-based diagnosis of bacteraemia: state of the art [J]. Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2015, 21(4): 313-22.
[3] Lamy B, Dargère S, Arendrup M C, et al. How to Optimize the Use of Blood Cultures for the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections? A State-of-the Art [J]. Frontiers in microbiology, 2016, 7: 697.
[4] Rapszky G A, Do To U N, Kiss V E, et al. Rapid molecular assays versus blood culture for bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. EClinicalMedicine, 2025, 79: 103028.
[5] Ruiz-aragón J, Ballestero-téllez M, Gutiérrez-gutiérrez B, et al. Direct bacterial identification from positive blood cultures using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry: A systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed), 2018, 36(8): 484-92.
[6] Dai Y, Xu X, Yan X, et al. Evaluation of a Rapid and Simplified Protocol for Direct Identification of Microorganisms From Positive Blood Cultures by Using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) [J]. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2021, 11: 632679.
[7] Rhoads D D, Pournaras S, Leber A, et al. Multicenter Evaluation of the BIOFIRE Blood Culture Identification 2 Panel for Detection of Bacteria, Yeasts, and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Positive Blood Culture Samples [J]. Journal of clinical microbiology, 2023, 61(6): e0189122.
[8] Peri A M, Ling W, Furuya-kanamori L, et al. Performance of BioFire Blood Culture Identification 2 Panel (BCID2) for the detection of bloodstream pathogens and their associated resistance markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies [J]. BMC infectious diseases, 2022, 22(1): 794.
[9] Huang T D, Melnik E, Bogaerts P, et al. Evaluation of the ePlex Blood Culture Identification Panels for Detection of Pathogens in Bloodstream Infections [J]. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2019, 57(2): e01597-18.
[10] Banerjee R, Teng C B, Cunningham S A, et al. Randomized Trial of Rapid Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Blood Culture Identification and Susceptibility Testing [J]. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2015, 61(7): 1071-80.
[11] Timbrook T T, Morton J B, Mcconeghy K W, et al. The Effect of Molecular Rapid Diagnostic Testing on Clinical Outcomes in Bloodstream Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [J]. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2017, 64(1): 15-23.
[12] Peri A M, Chatfield M D, Ling W, et al. Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs for the Management of Bloodstream Infection: What Is Their Relative Contribution to Improving Clinical Outcomes? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis [J]. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2024, 79(2): 502-15.
[13] Jonasson E, Matuschek E, Kahlmeter G. The EUCAST rapid disc diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from positive blood culture bottles [J]. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2020, 75(4): 968-78.
[14] Åkerlund A, Jonasson E, Matuschek E, et al. EUCAST rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) in blood cultures: validation in 55 European laboratories [J]. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 8-3230: (11)75, 2020.
[15] Banerjee R, Komarow L, Virk A, et al. Randomized Trial Evaluating Clinical Impact of RAPid IDentification and Susceptibility Testing for Gram-negative Bacteremia: RAPIDS-GN [J]. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021, 73(1): e39-e46.
[16] Maddalena C, Giuseppe M, Perez M, et al. Evaluation of the liquid colony for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from positive blood cultures [J]. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 2023, 22(1): 72.
[17] Mylonakis E, Clancy C J, Ostrosky-zeichner L, et al. T2 magnetic resonance assay for the rapid diagnosis of candidemia in whole blood: a clinical trial [J]. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2015, 60(6): 892-9.
[18] Nguyen M H, Clancy C J, Pasculle A W, et al. Performance of the T2Bacteria Panel for Diagnosing Bloodstream Infections: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study [J]. Annals of internal medicine, 2019, 170(12): 845-52.
[19] Blauwkamp T A, Thair S, Rosen M J, et al. Analytical and clinical validation of a microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test for infectious disease [J]. Nature microbiology, 2019, 4(4): 663-74.
[20] Hogan C A, Yang S, Garner O B, et al. Clinical Impact of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing of Plasma Cell-Free DNA for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study [J]. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021, 72(2): 239-45.
[21] Niles D T, Lee R A, Lamb G S, et al. Plasma cell-free metagenomic next generation sequencing in the clinical setting for the diagnosis of infectious diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, 2023, 105(1): 115838.
[22] Kaur I, Shaw B, Multani A, et al. Real-world clinical impact of plasma cell-free DNA metagenomic next-generation sequencing assay [J]. Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2025, 46(5): 504-11.
[23] Han D, Yu F, Zhang D, et al. Molecular rapid diagnostic testing for bloodstream infections: Nanopore targeted sequencing with pathogen-specific primers [J]. The Journal of infection, 2024, 88(6): 106166.